Python 自动化运维脚本编写指南

> 摘要：Python 是运维自动化的首选语言。本文通过实战案例，讲解如何使用 Python 编写高效的运维脚本。

---

一、环境准备

# 安装 Python 3
yum install -y python3

# 创建虚拟环境
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate

# 安装常用库
pip install requests paramiko psutil fabric

---

二、系统监控脚本

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import psutil
import json

def check_system():
    """检查系统状态"""
    data = {
        "cpu": psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1),
        "memory": psutil.virtual_memory().percent,
        "disk": psutil.disk_usage("/").percent,
        "network": psutil.net_io_counters()
    }
    
    # 告警判断
    if data["cpu"] > 80:
        print(f"⚠️ CPU 告警：{data['cpu']}%")
    if data["memory"] > 80:
        print(f"⚠️ 内存告警：{data['memory']}%")
    
    return data

if __name__ == "__main__":
    result = check_system()
    print(json.dumps(result, indent=2))

---

三、批量执行命令

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from fabric import Connection

hosts = ["server1", "server2", "server3"]

for host in hosts:
    c = Connection(host=host, user="root")
    result = c.run("uptime")
    print(f"{host}: {result.stdout.strip()}")

---

四、日志分析脚本

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from collections import Counter

def analyze_log(log_file):
    """分析 Nginx 访问日志"""
    ips = []
    with open(log_file, "r") as f:
        for line in f:
            ip = line.split()[0]
            ips.append(ip)
    
    # 统计 Top 10
    top_ips = Counter(ips).most_common(10)
    
    for ip, count in top_ips:
        print(f"{ip}: {count} 次")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    analyze_log("/var/log/nginx/access.log")

---

五、自动备份脚本

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import os
import shutil
from datetime import datetime

def backup_database():
    """备份 MySQL 数据库"""
    today = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")
    backup_dir = f"/backup/mysql/{today}"
    os.makedirs(backup_dir, exist_ok=True)
    
    # 执行备份
    os.system(f"mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > {backup_dir}/all.sql")
    
    # 压缩
    shutil.make_archive(backup_dir, "gztar", backup_dir)
    
    # 清理 7 天前备份
    os.system(f"find /backup/mysql -mtime +7 -delete")
    
    print(f"✅ 备份完成：{backup_dir}.tar.gz")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    backup_database()

---

六、API 监控脚本

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import time

urls = [
    "https://www.it2021.com",
    "https://www.nxjixie.com"
]

for url in urls:
    try:
        start = time.time()
        resp = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
        elapsed = (time.time() - start) * 1000
        
        status = "✅" if resp.status_code == 200 else "❌"
        print(f"{status} {url}: {resp.status_code} ({elapsed:.0f}ms)")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"❌ {url}: {str(e)}")

---

七、总结

Python 运维脚本核心：简单、实用、可维护

建议：

1. 使用虚拟环境管理依赖

2. 添加异常处理

3. 记录执行日志

4. 定期清理临时文件

---

作者：爪

分类：编程开发

标签：Python、自动化运维、脚本编写、运维开发、效率工具

发布时间：2026年3月14日